Device Modalities

If it plugs into a patient, we test it.

Eight categories, more than fifty device types, over a thousand devices tested. Class II and Class III, across every FDA specialty. Each carries its own architecture and its own way to reach a patient. Here is how we test them.

Category 01

Cyber-Physical & Procedure-Controlled

Software, motion, and instrument activation meet in the same clinical moment. We test where a network fault can become a patient-safety event.

Robotic-Assisted Surgery Systems

Class II

Surgeon console, patient-side cart, instrument controllers, and a latency-sensitive vision pipeline.

How we test it

We decompose the console, cart, and instrument-control nodes into a digital twin, then drive the real USB, service, and CAN interfaces across each procedure state. Coverage maps every path that could touch the motor-control boundary.

USB trustService shellCAN busSecure boot

Robotic Orthopedics & Navigation

Class II

Preoperative planning, intraoperative tracking, and robotic cutting or guidance hardware.

How we test it

We model the planning-to-intraoperative transfer and test implant-library and plan integrity end to end. Testing centers on what has to stay trustworthy between the plan and the cut.

Plan integrityImplant libraryTracking sensorWindows hardening

Computer-Assisted Surgery & Stereotaxic

Class II

Navigation carts, optical tracking, and calibration data feeding a guidance display.

How we test it

We exercise the calibration and tracking inputs and validate how the system authenticates the data it steers on. The twin models every source the guidance view trusts.

Calibration dataTracking linkLocal OSPlan import

Surgical Energy & Electrosurgical Generators

Class II

Insufflators, electrosurgical generators, and stateful instrument controllers.

How we test it

We build the procedure-state machine into the twin and fuzz each state on its own, pre-case, intra-case, and service mode. That is where behavior actually diverges.

Procedure stateMalformed inputFoot-pedal mappingAlarm handling

Surgical Lasers & Aesthetic Energy

Class II

Surgical laser instruments and RF or laser aesthetic platforms.

How we test it

We test the activation and parameter paths over the internal bus, and check service ports for default credentials before they ship line-wide.

Activation pathBus integrityService portInterlocks

Powered Surgical Instruments

Class II

Powered drivers, staplers, and handpieces with embedded controllers.

How we test it

We map the controller and accessory interfaces into the twin and exercise the command and identity paths under real activation sequences.

Accessory identityCommand pathFirmwareWireless link

Interventional Systems & Contrast Injectors

Class II

Cath-lab systems, contrast injectors, and procedure-data synchronization.

How we test it

We pair the injector and procedure-record twin and test the injection-command and DICOM-sync paths from a credible local foothold. Scope stays tied to the interface under test.

Command integrityDICOM syncLocal LANInjection control

Lithotripters

Class II

Shock-wave and laser lithotripsy consoles with treatment controllers.

How we test it

We model the treatment controller and exercise its parameter and interlock paths across the therapy sequence.

Treatment paramsInterlocksConsole OSService mode
Category 02

Diagnostic Imaging & Image Workflow

DICOM everywhere, enormous parsers, and clinical reads downstream. We test the acquire, move, and read chain as one system.

PACS & Enterprise Imaging

Class II

Archives, cardiology viewers, and enterprise image distribution.

How we test it

We run the archive, router, and viewer as one twin and stress the DICOM parsers, cache integrity, and study-routing paths. Coverage includes the read path a radiologist actually trusts.

DICOM parserCache integrityViewer authStudy routing

CT Scanners

Class II

Acquisition console, reconstruction pipeline, and vendor network segment.

How we test it

We model the console and recon nodes and exercise the DICOM ingest and vendor-network interfaces, including how the segment is expected to be isolated.

DICOM ingestRecon nodeSegmentationVendor network

MRI Systems

Class II

Scanner host, in-suite controllers, and procedural peripherals.

How we test it

We map the suite as a twin and test the trust assumptions between the scanner host, in-bore peripherals, and the vendor segment.

Suite segmentationIn-bore linkHost hardeningAvailability

Ultrasound, IVUS & Catheter Imaging

Class II

Cart and handheld ultrasound, intravascular imaging, and catheter consoles.

How we test it

We test the probe pairing, mobile-app trust, and image-export paths, down to the key exchange and the exact transport settings.

BLE pairingKey exchangeMobile appImage export

Digital Mammography & CAD

Class III

Acquisition units with computer-aided detection in the read path.

How we test it

We validate how the CAD path loads and verifies its model artifact, and model the integrity controls the read depends on.

Model integrityCAD pathDICOMRead workflow

Interventional Angiography & Fluoroscopy

Class II

Fluoroscopy systems paired to hemodynamic recorders.

How we test it

We test the pairing and data-sync link between the imaging system and the recorder, and keep scope tied to that interface.

PairingRecorder linkLocal LANAvailability

CT/MR/3D Planning Software

Class II

Segmentation, 3D-model, and surgical-planning software.

How we test it

We test the model-import and export paths and the kiosk boundary, and validate how patient models are authenticated before they reach a clinician.

Model importKiosk escapeCredential storagePlan export

OCT & Ophthalmic Imaging

Class II

Retinal OCT, fundus, and ophthalmic diagnostic imaging.

How we test it

We test the study-export and device-management paths and validate the integrity controls around the diagnostic image.

Study exportDevice mgmtPHI handlingUpdate path

Whole-Slide Digital Pathology

Class II

Slide scanners and enterprise pathology viewing platforms.

How we test it

We run the scanner-to-viewer twin and test the access controls and object-reference handling around each case.

Access controlObject refsViewer authCase routing
Category 03

Radiation Oncology & Nuclear

High-energy delivery where software decides where the beam stops. We test to the ceiling of medical-device risk.

Proton Therapy Beam Delivery

Class II

Synchrotron beam-delivery control, gantry motion, and safety interlocks.

How we test it

Among the most dangerous devices in medicine. We model the beam-delivery control chain and safety interlocks and drive the real interfaces, mapping which paths the interlocks contain and which they do not.

Beam controlSafety interlockMotionDosimetry

Linear Accelerators

Class II

LINAC delivery control, MLC, and record-and-verify integration.

How we test it

We test the plan-transfer and record-and-verify paths and validate that delivery trusts content, not filenames.

Plan transferRecord & verifyDelivery controlInterlocks

Radiation Treatment Planning

Class II

Dose-planning and RT records software.

How we test it

We test the dose-plan transfer, records integrity, and audit trail, and model the validation the workflow depends on.

Dose planRT recordsTransfer integrityAudit trail

Nuclear Medicine, PET/SPECT

Class II

PET/SPECT consoles and nuclear imaging workflow.

How we test it

We model the console and workflow twin and test the acquisition, routing, and export interfaces.

AcquisitionRoutingExportConsole OS
Category 04

Implantable, Wearable & Patient-Managed

The device leaves the clinic. Radios, long-lived firmware, and a threat model that follows the patient home.

Implantable Cardiac Rhythm Management

Class III

Pacemakers, ICDs, home monitors, and clinician programmers.

How we test it

We model the implant, home monitor, and programmer as one twin and test the telemetry-radio session and pairing controls under real proximity conditions.

Telemetry radioProgrammer authHome monitorFirmware update

Ventricular Assist Devices

Class III

Implanted pump, external controller, and clinical hub.

How we test it

We test the controller-to-hub trust and configuration paths and scope every result to the interface and the reach it actually has.

Config pushController linkToken scopeAvailability

Implantable Neurostimulation

Class III

DBS, spinal cord, and vagus nerve stimulators with patient controllers.

How we test it

We model the implant, patient controller, and clinician tablet and test the pairing window and stimulation-parameter path against replay and downgrade.

Pairing replayPatient controllerDose limitsBLE stack

Cochlear & Auditory Brainstem Implants

Class III

Implant, sound processor, and clinical fitting software.

How we test it

We test the processor and fitting-software link and the pairing controls, scoping the stimulation-parameter path to real proximity.

PairingFitting softwareProcessor linkFirmware

Automated External Defibrillators

Class III

Public and clinical AEDs with connected update and readiness.

How we test it

We test the firmware-update and readiness-reporting paths and validate the signing the device depends on.

Update signingReadiness reportAvailabilityLocal port

Continuous Glucose Monitors

Class II

Body-worn sensors, phone apps, and cloud follow.

How we test it

We test the sensor-to-app trust and the cloud channel, focused on the integrity of the reading a clinical decision rides on.

Sensor trustApp trustBLE advertisingCloud channel

Wearable & Home-Use Therapy

Class II

Wearable therapy, home hubs, and remote patient devices.

How we test it

We test the cloud channel, certificate handling, and OTA path a home device depends on, and validate the fallback behavior before it becomes a field issue.

Cloud channelCert pinningHome hubOTA update

Bone Growth & Neuromuscular Stimulators

Class II

Connected stimulators and their control apps.

How we test it

We test the app-to-device link and the dose-schedule integrity path over BLE.

Dose scheduleBLE linkApp trustFirmware
Category 05

Patient Monitoring, Life-Support & Critical Care

Availability is a safety property. We test the devices that keep a patient alive and the networks they sit on.

Ventilators

Class II

Continuous ventilators with serial and network control.

How we test it

We drive the serial and network control paths and test how alarm and setting messages are authenticated, rating everything against loss-of-therapy impact.

Control pathAlarm authSetting integrityAvailability

Anesthesia Gas Machines

Class II

Anesthesia delivery with agent control and monitoring.

How we test it

We build the delivery state machine into the twin and exercise the agent-control and monitoring interfaces across the case.

Agent controlProcedure stateMonitoring busAlarms

Physiological Patient Monitors

Class II

Bedside monitors and central-station telemetry.

How we test it

We model the bedside-to-central twin and test the waveform and alarm-routing trust across the monitoring VLAN.

Waveform trustAlarm routingTelemetrySegmentation

Pulse Oximetry & Capnography

Class II

Connected SpO2 and capnography with app or network links.

How we test it

We test the pairing and transport for the connected link, down to the key exchange and transport settings.

BLE pairingTransportApp trustData integrity

Fetal & Neonatal Monitors

Class II

Fetal, maternal, and NICU apnea monitoring systems.

How we test it

We test the trace and alarm-routing trust across the ward network and model the availability the unit depends on.

Trace trustAlarm routingWard networkAvailability

Infant Incubators & Warmers

Class II

Connected incubators and radiant warmers with setpoint control.

How we test it

We test the setpoint and control APIs and validate the authentication around thermal control.

Setpoint APIControl authLocal netAlarms

Hemodialysis Machines

Class II

Dialysis machines on the clinical network.

How we test it

We test the treatment-parameter and monitoring interfaces and validate the integrity controls the therapy depends on.

Treatment paramsClinical netIntegrityService mode

EEG & Intracranial Pressure Monitors

Class II

Neuro monitoring carts and bedside ICP monitors.

How we test it

We model the monitor twin and test the sensor and network trust, scoping results to the interface under test.

Sensor linkNetwork trustExposed serviceAvailability
Category 06

Medication Delivery & Smart Consumables

Small parsers, big consequences, and a supply chain of disposables. We test the pump, the server, and the consumable together.

Infusion & Syringe Pumps

Class II

Large-volume and syringe pumps, drug libraries, and pump servers.

How we test it

We run the pump-and-server twin and test the drug-library update path and dose-limit controls, keeping scope to the interface, not the alarm count.

Drug libraryPump serverDose limits802.1X

Medication Dispensing Cabinets

Class II

Automated dispensing and pharmacy workflow systems.

How we test it

We test the kiosk boundary, the local credential store, and the dispensing-log integrity from realistic physical access.

Kiosk escapeCredential storeDispensing logLocal OS

Enteral Feeding Pumps

Class II

Connected feeding pumps with app control.

How we test it

We test the rate-command integrity path over the app and BLE link and validate the checks the pump depends on.

Rate commandBLE linkApp trustFirmware

Smart Disposables & Consumables

Class II

Docks, cartridges, tubing, and authenticated consumables.

How we test it

We test the consumable-authentication scheme on the bus and model the memory protection that keeps cloning uneconomical.

Consumable authBus integrityDock firmwareAnti-clone
Category 07

Connected Platforms, SaMD, Cloud & AI

Software as the device. We test cloud tenancy, mobile clients, and the AI pipelines regulators now expect you to cover.

SaMD & Cloud Clinical Platforms

Class II

Cloud-connected clinical software and multi-tenant platforms.

How we test it

We test the tenant boundary, API authorization, and PHI handling under each role, and model the access controls the platform relies on.

Multi-tenancyAPI authAccess controlPHI handling

Mobile Apps & Clinician Programmers

Class II

Clinician programmers and patient-facing mobile apps.

How we test it

We test the build for secrets, the deep-link surface, and local storage, and validate the platform integrity checks.

SecretsDeep linksLocal storageIntegrity checks

AI/ML-Enabled Diagnostic Pipelines

Class II

Model training, inference, and data pipelines inside a device.

How we test it

We test the model-loading and data-pipeline integrity and frame the controls in the twin a reviewer will read.

Model integrityData pipelineInference APISupply chain

Autonomous AI Diagnostics

Class II

Autonomous detection systems that return a clinical result.

How we test it

We test how the system verifies its model and inputs before it returns a result, and model the integrity path end to end.

Model verifyInput trustResult pathAudit

Remote Monitoring & Device Management

Class II

Fleet telemetry, RMM, and connected device management.

How we test it

We test the fleet-push and token-scope paths and model the blast radius a management action can have.

Fleet pushToken scopeTelemetryOTA config

Imaging & GI CADe/CADx

Class II

Computer-aided detection add-ons in the read or scope path.

How we test it

We test how the add-on loads and verifies its model and validate the integrity controls the read depends on.

Model integrityRead pathAPI authSupply chain
Category 08

Laboratory, Genomics & IVD

Benchtop instruments and the embedded platforms under them. We test the instrument, the OS, and the data path.

Next-Generation Sequencers

Class II

Sequencers and analyzers on embedded Linux.

How we test it

We model the instrument twin and test the exposed services and update-verification path on the embedded OS, distilling coverage to the roots that matter.

Embedded LinuxUpdate checkExposed serviceSample data

Molecular & PCR Diagnostics

Class II

PCR and molecular diagnostic systems.

How we test it

We test the run-configuration and result-routing integrity on the lab network.

Run configResult routingLab netIntegrity

Automated Microbial ID & AST

Class II

Identification and susceptibility platforms.

How we test it

We test the result API and reporting path and validate the authentication the workflow depends on.

Result APIReportingAuthLab net

Immunoassay & Chemistry Analyzers

Class II

Immunoassay and clinical chemistry analyzers.

How we test it

We test the result-export and instrument-management paths and model the integrity controls around the reported value.

Result exportInstrument mgmtIntegrityService mode

Hematology & Coagulation Analyzers

Class II

Benchtop hematology and coagulation systems.

How we test it

We model the analyzer twin and test the exposed services and result-routing integrity.

Embedded OSExposed serviceResult routingIntegrity

Blood Establishment & Donor Software

Class II

Donor management and blood-bank workflow systems.

How we test it

We test the role boundaries and PHI handling and model the access controls the workflow enforces.

Role boundaryPHI handlingAccess controlAudit

Embedded Linux / IoT Platforms

Shared embedded platforms underneath many device families.

How we test it

We model the shared platform once and map every device family that inherits it, so a platform-level control becomes a line-wide fix.

Shared platformSecure bootSBOM driftCredential handling
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